A Lack of Charity Essay example - 1718 Words

In Charles Dickens’s books, Oliver Twist and A Christmas Carol, the theme of lack of charity is pronounced. Throughout Oliver Twist, society turns a â€Å"cold shoulder† to those in need of help (Miller 30). The Victorian England society prohibits inhabitants of the lower social realms from moving up in society. Rarely do lower class members receive attention, and the attention they do receive is far from par (Reeves). Ebenezer Scrooge, the main character of A Christmas Carol, learns to be charitable through a lesson on the true meaning of Christmas. At the beginning of the book, Scrooge is a grumpy old mad, who only cares about himself, but on Christmas Eve, his visions of ghosts turn his life around (Boan). As a child, Dickens becomes a†¦show more content†¦Believing that the rich should freely take care of the poor and not be forced to, Dickens criticizes those who overlook the destitution of the lower class (Orwell). In Oliver Twist, Dickens proclaims, â€Å"So they established the rule, that all poor people should have the alternative (for they would compel nobody, not they,) of being starved by a gradual process in the house, or by a quick one out of it† (36). This rule that Dickens mentions is a replica of the Poor Law of 1834. The Prime Minister of Great Britain enforces this law to oppress the poor. People are forced to labor in the terrible conditions of workhouses or receive no help. Created to detest people from wanting to receive aid, these workhouses condition is not fit for living (Cannon). Due to the terrible conditions at the workhouse, Oliver runs away and finds security with a man named Fagin. Fagin controls a gang of small boys that pickpocket as a source of income. Their wages supplement Fagin enough to stay out of the working class but keep the boys trapped. Fagin is a representation of the laissez-faire capitalist thinking (Miller 39-40). Fagin states: †¦you depend upon me. To keep my little business all snug, I depend upon you. The first is your number one, the second my number one. The more you value your number one, the more careful you must be of mine; so we come at last to what I told you at first--that a regard for number one holds us allShow MoreRelatedSave The Children At The Poverty1160 Words   |  5 Pagesthis is an opportunity for me to exhibit for investigation and discovery one organization that supports and helps many countries out there that children live in the poverty without food, lack of education, and poor health. This organization, I randomly selected is called, â€Å"Save the Children†. This is one of charity organization, which supports, helps, and saves these children life. It was over couple of decades; Eglantyne Jebb the founder has been established Save the Children organization sinceRead MoreTerrorist Organizations Essay951 Words   |  4 PagesIn order more effectively combat terrorist financing, governmental entities, individual donors, and charities themselves must work together, do their due diligence when associating or donating to a particular charity, and conduct risk assessments to determine susceptibility to terrorist influence. The following are recommendations for (1) governmental entities, (2) individual donors, and (3) charities to adopt in order to more effectively combat the financing of terrorist organizations. a. RecommendationRead MorePublic Governance And Internal Control1252 Words   |  6 Pages1.0 Introduction Charities in the UK and in general have come through a lot of criticisms from external stakeholders on the state of their ineffective accountability and transparency, which portrays that charities do not comply with effective corporate governance and internal control (CG+IC) in order to improve their performance and credibility. The research will pinpoint the inadequacies of CG+IC, then evaluate how when applied effectively could contribute to charities’ performance and aid credibilityRead MoreHuman Development : A Simple Farmer Or Hunter Gatherer1256 Words   |  6 Pagesforgotten simply to care for each other and acknowledge each other as one species; made in His image with a fundamental goodness that must be met in order to obtain absolute love and truth. Has the charity between man and neighbor been forgotten? In modern translation, it is acceptable to replace charity with love and vise versa, however, the modern translation of these words have been diluted from their original scriptural meanings. The Greeks had four words for â€Å"love†. Agape, which was used to identifyRead MoreEssay about Access to Food, Clean Water, and Shelter1059 Words   |  5 Pagesbacteria. Nine million people die a year due to lack of access to clean water. Too many people have either a nonfunctional shelter or no shelter at all. Whatever it takes, the access of food, clean water, and shelter should be supplied to anyone who needs it. There is a problem, however, that occurs. Some countries are poorer than others, so there are more people with these needs in those countries. This causes the help from other countries, and for charities to be formed to help those in need. The churchesRead MoreGough’s Definition of Needs and His Different Categories for Basic Human Needs1027 Words   |  5 Pagesrepublic of Iran, analysing its social security and welfare system, investigating the ways in which Iran’s government attempts to provide these rights for its citizens. This then leads me to consider the criticisms made against Iran’s government for its lack of support and the rising number of people living below the absolute poverty line. As according to Gough’s study on human needs, human needs differ from their wants in the sense that wants are more inclusive and although an individual can be harmedRead MoreEssay about The Relationships Between Christianity and Charity1698 Words   |  7 PagesThe Relationships Between Christianity and Charity In this essay I will be looking at how Christianity and charities relate to each other. In the first section I will be looking at what Christians teach, preach and believe about charity. In the second section I will show what Christians actually do and focus on Christian charities. In the third I will conclude with what I think about Christian charities and how well I think they work. The foundation of a Christian’sRead MoreCharity1302 Words   |  6 PagesCharity Among the key concepts of love touched upon by C.S. Lewis in his novel The Four Loves, is his concept of charity. Charity is a type of love that involves showing care for someone that is not easily loved, while doing it in a selfless manner with no gain for the caregiver. From the story of creation in Genesis we are told that mankind is made in God’s image. Through the act of God sacrificing His son Jesus for our iniquity, we see that he is charitable. Therefore, transitively, mankindRead MoreOrganizational Change And The Implementation Of The Change Essay1569 Words   |  7 Pagesis occurring however a lack of communication about the change has cause issues among the organisation and its clients. The iceberg model created by George Clampitt (2005) will be used in the analysis of the case and therefore recommendations can be made based on the conclusions. Background: The unexpected consequence of implementing change is a relevant issue when analysing the Nora case. Nora is a social worker at Bridges Care and Village, Clevedon, South Auckland. Charity Trust National controlsRead MoreThe Social Survey ( Gss )1135 Words   |  5 Pagesof interest to this study were on generosity in terms of both volunteerism and philanthropy. Respondents were presented with â€Å"During the past 12 months, how often have you done each of the following things: Done volunteer work for a charity? †¦ Given money to a charity?† Applicable answers for both questions ranged from: more than once a week, once a week, once a month, at least 2 or 3 times in the past year, once in the past year to not at all in the past year; also included were â€Å"don’t know† and

A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller as a Tragedy...

A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller as a Tragedy A view from the Bridge was written by Arthur Miller in 1955 and set in the 1950s Brooklyn, New York. Most of this area was inhabited by immigrants that arrived from countries such as Italy and Sicily, before the restriction of immigrants law was passed. Although the law denies people to migrate to the country. Illegal immigrants will often be smuggled in from countries like Sicily. The main area is based in Red Hook. Illegal immigrants come into the country and work on the dockyards and Sicily at the time was in great poverty and hardship. The people in this area of red hook are Italian American civilian citizens that have travelled the Island of Sicily because of the hard†¦show more content†¦The inevitable death of the protagonist takes place. Arthur Miller in this play uses quite a lot of Aristotelian elements of tragedy, such as using a ?chorus? to introduce themes and ideas and inform the audience that the protagonist will have a ?fatal flaw? that will lead to his downfall because of his hubris pride. It contains ?universal truth? and has to be didactic so the audience can learn from the play. Aristotle also believed that the audience had to experience ?Catharsis? meaning that the audience will have a feeling of extreme emotions which will help keep the audience interested. Arthur Miller also uses Aristotles way of ending the play by the realisation of the protagonist?s mistake and the rightful order and time is restored. Although Alfieri has the smallest part in the play, nevertheless he is very important to introducing the scene atmosphere and the set. Alfieri is introduced to us by Arthur Miller ?Enters Alfieri a lawyer in his fifties turning grey; he is portly, good humoured, and thoughtful.? We get a feeling that he is a wealthy person because he is ?portly? telling us his got plenty of food to eat. The fact that he is ?turning grey? makes the audience assume that he is wise and understands what is really going on in the play. Also the prologue, Alfieri becomes informative straight away and explains to the audience. At the beginning Alfieri tellsShow MoreRelatedConventions of Tragedy in A View From The Bridge By Arthur Miller1100 Words   |  5 PagesConventions of Tragedy in A View From The Bridge By Arthur Miller Arthur Miller manipulates his characters and uses literary devices to effectively convey to the audience the trajectory of Eddie Carbone and his flaws of misconduct in the play, A View From The Bridge. He uses all the conventions of a modern tragedy adequately to help arouse sympathy, suspense and fear from the audience at significant intervals of the playRead MoreHow Arthur Miller Hints at Tragedy in ‘A View from the Bridge’1370 Words   |  6 PagesIn this essay I will describe the way in which Miller hints at the tragedy in the beginning of the play ‘A View from the Bridge’. Miller gives us lots of clues in the opening section to try and get the audience thinking. He wants us to think about how the main character dies not what happened in the end because everyone knows that in a tragedy the main character dies. Miller uses a range of devices e.g. uses of plot devices, the structure foreshadowing o put an impact on the audience understandingRead MoreThe Dramatic Importance of the Role of Alfieri in A View From the Bridge1115 Words   |  5 PagesImportance of the Role of Alfieri in A View From the Bridge First performed in 1956. Arthur Millers play A view from the bridge was originally set in the 1940s and started life as a one act verse before Arthur Miller converted it to a two act play to enhance and make it more enjoyable for the audience of today. In the title A view from the bridge Arthur Miller is referring to the Brooklyn Bridge which used to be the largest cable bridge in the world and its main purposeRead MoreArthur Millers Dissatisfaction with the American People Expressed in Three of His Major Works1632 Words   |  7 Pagesconflict and tragedy. Every man has his own way of dealing with issues. After the Second World War, people had the opinion that play writer Arthur Miller transferred the theater. The work Miller created was influenced by the worldly depression and the war that started after. Arthur Miller â€Å"tapped into a sense of dissatisfaction and unrest within the greater American people; his probing dramas proved to be both the conscience and redemption of the times; allowing people an honest view of the directionRead MoreIs Eddie a Tragic Hero? (the View from the Bridge)1230 Words   |  5 Pagescharacter who makes an error of judgment or has a fatal flaw that, combined with fate and external forces, brings on a tragedy.† (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tragic+hero) The play, A View from the Bridge written by Arthur Miller defines the character Eddie, the protagonist, as occupying most of the qualities for a tragic hero. Eddie in A View from the Bridge came from a noble family background and had failed to realize his weakness that he had love for his niece. In this case, this loveRead MoreSelf-Discipline Is the Best Discipline: A View from the Bridge by Arthur Miller1484 Words   |  6 Pagesconnections with others often exhibit a flaw that directly correlates to their downfall. While researching the underworld of the Brooklyn docks, Arthur Miller overheard a story that demonstrates just this. Naturally, the plot follows tragic form; however, in retelling the storing, Miller adds a few twists. Miller fuses elements from Greek and Christian tragedies, all the while redefining a tragic hero. Expectedly, the main character, Eddie, exhibits a tragic flaw. Because Eddie cannot accept his responsibilitiesRead MoreThe Dramatic Techniques Arthur Miller Uses in His Play A View From the Bridge600 Words   |  3 PagesThe Dramatic Techniques Arthur Miller Uses in His Play A View From the Bridge A View from the Bridge was written by Arthur Miller. It is set in the early 1950s, Miller was interested in the lives of dockworkers and longshoremen of New Yorks Brooklyn harbour, where he had worked and where the story is set. Miller heard the story from a lawyer friend who had mentioned that he knew of a longshoreman who rattled to the immigration Bureau on two brothers, his own relativesRead MoreThe Domination of Female Characters in A Streetcar Named Desire and A View from the Bridge1278 Words   |  6 PagesThe plays A Streetcar Named Desire and A View from the Bridge are both plays that focus on mainly the theme of domination of the female characters by the males. Where A Streetcar Named Desire is a Southern Gothic, A View from a Bridge is a tragedy that is actually similar to Williams’ play as they both end tragically for the main character. Each playwright uses their own method and techniques in order to get the message or point of view across to the audience members. In A Streetcar Named DesireRead MoreHow far do you agree with the view that the tragedies in ‘Ethan Frome’ and ‘A View from the Bridge’ are brought about by individual characters rather 2084 Words   |  9 PagesWithin A View from the Bridge and Ethan Frome the main protagonists are tragic figures. The origin of a tragedy comes from Greece, where the basis of the idea was a drama in which the protagonist is overcome by some superior force or extreme circumstance; this usually resulted in either disaster or death. As is true to most Greek tragedies the ending of the shown before the downfall itself. Most victims of tragedy were written to be of a high stature such as royalty, yet both Ethan Frome and EddieRead MoreEddies Death in Arthur Millers A View From the Bridge Essay examples1237 Words   |  5 PagesEddies Death in Arthur Millers A View From the Bridge Arthur Miller described this play as being the slum that faces the bay on the seaward side of Brooklyn Bridgeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the gullet of New York Arthur Miller was born on October 1915, in New York City. His parents were both immigrants to the USA. Millers family lived in prosperity due to the success of his fathers clothing manufacturing business. However as the clothing manufacturing collapse, the family became bankrupt

Death in Prime Time Free Essays

string(191) " DEATH IN NEWS AND DRAMA Death in such a context is just another invented characterization, a negative resource, a sign of fatal flaw or ineptitude, a punishment for sins or mark of tragedy\." American Academy of Political and Social Science Death in Prime Time: Notes on the Symbolic Functions of Dying in the Mass Media Author(s): George Gerbner Reviewed work(s): Source: Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 447, The Social Meaning of Death (Jan. , 1980), pp. We will write a custom essay sample on Death in Prime Time or any similar topic only for you Order Now 64-70 Published by: Sage Publications, Inc. in association with the American Academy of Political and Social Science Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/1042304 . Accessed: 02/01/2012 20:34 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms Conditions of Use, available at . ttp://www. jstor. org/page/info/about/policies/terms. jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor. org. Sage Publications, Inc. and American Academy of Political and Social Science are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. ttp://www. jstor. org ANNALS,AAPSS, 447, January 1980 Death in Prime Time: Notes on th e Symbolic Functions of Dying in the Mass Media By GEORGEGERBNER ABSTRACT: The cultural (and media) significance of dying rests in the symbolic context in which representations of dying are embedded. An examination of that context of mostly violent suggests that portrayals of death and dying representations functions of social typing and control and tend, serve symbolic of on the whole, to conceal the reality and inevitability the event. George Gerbner is Professor of Communications and Dean of The Annenberg School of Communications, University of Pennsylvania. He is a principal investigator, along with Larry Gross and Nancy Signorielli, also of The Annenberg School, in the Cultural Indicators research project studying television drama and viewer conceptions of social reality. He has been principal investigator on international and U. S. projectsfunded by the National Science Foundation, U. S. Office of Education, UNESCO, the International Sociological Association, the National Institute of Mental Health, The Surgeon General’s Scientific advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior, the American Medical Association, the HEW’s Administration on Aging, and other agencies. He is editor of the Journal of Communication, and a volume on Mass Media Policies in Changing Cultures. 64 DEATH IN PRIME TIME 65 D YINGin the massmedia-both news and entertainment (a distinction increasingly hard to make) -has a symbolic function different from death in real life but investing life itself-with it-and particular meanings. We can begin to consider what these might be by reflecting on the nature of representation. A symbol system is an artifact par excellence. It is totally invented to serve human purposes. It can serve these purposes only if those interpreting it know the code and can fit it into a symbolic context of their own. They must share the rules of the invention and the interpretative strategies by which it should be understood. Symbolic narrative, a story, has two basic elements of invention: fictive and selective. Selective invention is factual narrative such as news. Presumably true events (facts) are selected from an endless stream of events. A narrative is invented to convey some meaning about the selected facts as interpreted in a previously learned framework of knowledge. Fictive invention is fiction and drama; the â€Å"facts† are invented as well as the narrative. (Selection is of course involved in both. ) The function of fictive invention is to illuminate (literally to embody and dramatize) the invisible structure and dynamics of the significant connections of human life. It is to show how things work. Invention that can only select events but not create them must be more opaque; it can only show what things are but rarely why or how they work. The full development of the connections between events and human motivations and powers requires the freedom and legitimacy to invent the â€Å"facts† in a way that illuminates the otherwise hidden dynamics of existence. In this totally invented world of and fictivesymbols-selective without some purnothing happens pose and function (which need not be the same). Let us use as example the world of television which we have studied for some years. This discussion also applies to other media and cultural forms, with the difference that television is the generally non-selectively used universal storyteller of modern society. It is, therefore, more a symbolic environment than a traditional medium. People are not born into the world of television. They are selected or created for a purpose. The purpose is usefulness to the symbolic world (cal led news values or story values) that the producing institutions and their patrons find useful for their purposes. More numerous in both news and drama are those for whom that world has more uses-jobs, power, adventure, sex, youth, and all other opportunities in life. These values are distributed in the symbol system as most resources are distributed in the society whose dominant institutions produce most of the symbols: according to status and power. Dominant social groups tend to be overrepresented and overendowed not only absolutely but also in relation to their numbers in the real population. (For example, men outnumber women at least three to one in television and most media content. Minorities are defined by having 1. The long-range project was first described in my article on â€Å"Cultural Indicators: The Case of Violence in Television Drama† in the Annals, Vol. 388, March 1970. The most recent report, including a description of methodology, appears in George Gerbner, Larry Gross, Nancy Signorielli, Michael Morgan, and Marilyn Jackson-Beeck, â€Å"The Demonstration of Power: Viole nce Profile No. 10,† Journal of Communication, vol. 29 (Summer 1979). 66 THE ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY less than their proportionate share of values and resources. In the world of television news and drama, this means lower underrepresentation numbers, less usefulness, fewer opportunities, more victimization (or â€Å"criminalization†), more restricted scope of action, more stereotyped roles, diminished life chances, and general undervaluation ranging from relative neglect to symbolic annihilation. DEATH IN NEWS AND DRAMA Death in such a context is just another invented characterization, a negative resource, a sign of fatal flaw or ineptitude, a punishment for sins or mark of tragedy. You read "Death in Prime Time" in category "Essay examples" It is always a reminder of the risks of life, cultivating most anxiety and dependence for those who are depicted as most at risk. In other words, death is one feature of the more general functions of social typing and control. Obituaries are the Social Register of the middle class. Even a â€Å"nobody† of modest status and power (i. e. a person of no symbolic existence in the common culture) becomes a â€Å"somebody† if the flicker of his or her (and it’s mostly his) life can leave its final symbolic mark of existence in the obituary column. Death in the news is a tightly scripted scenario of violence and terror. Murders, accidents, â€Å"body counts† and catastrophies scatter a surfeit of impersonal corpses in ghoulish symbolic overkill across the pages of our family newspapers and television screens. By the time we grow up, we are so addicted to this necromania of our culture (and we are not alone), that its constant daily cultivation seems to add to a morbid sense of normalcy. Yet it is all well (if unwittingly) calculated to cultivate a sense of insecurity, anxiety, fear of the â€Å"mean world† out there, and ependence on some strong protector. It is the modern equivalent of the bloody circuses in the Roman empire’s â€Å"bread and circuses† that were supposed to keep the populace quiescent. At the center of the symbolic structure of death is the world of stories invented to show how things and drama. The most work-fiction massive and universal flow of stories in modern society (and histo ry) is of course television drama, most of it produced according to the industrial formulas developed to assemble large audiences and sell them to advertisers at the least cost. That is a world in which practically no one ever dies a natural death. Assembly-line drama generally denies the inevitable reality of death and affirms its stigmatic character. Violent death, on the other hand, befalls 5 percent of all prime time dramatic characters every week, with about twice as many killers (many of whom also get killed) stalking the world of prime time. The symbolic function of death in the world of television is thus embedded in its structure of violence, which is essentially a show of force, the ritualistic demonstration of power. THE STRUCTURE OF VIOLENCEAND POWER Dominated as it is by males and masculine values, much of the world of prime time revolves around questions of power. Who can get away with what against whom? How secure are different social types when confronted with conflict and danger? What hierarchies of risk and vulnerability define social relations? In other words, how power works in society. The simplest and cheapest dramatic DEATH IN PRIME TIME 67 demonstration of power is an overt expression of physical force compelling action against one’s will on pain of being hurt or killed, or actually hurting or killing. That is the definition of violence used in our studies of television drama. Violence rules the symbolic world of television. It occurs at an average 10-year rate of 5 violent incidents per hour in prime time and 18 per hour in weekend daytime children’s programming-a triple dose. Violence as a demonstration of power can be measured by relating the percent of violents to the percent of victims within each social group. That ratio shows the chances of men and women, blacks and whites, young and old, to come out on top instead of on the bottom. Conversely, it shows the risks of each group to end up as victims instead of victors. Table 1 is a summary of these â€Å"risk ratios† based on annual samples of prime time and weekend daytime (children’s) programs major dramatic characters, a total of 3,949, from 1969 through 1978. It shows for each of several demographic and dramatic groups the ratio of violents over victims (including killing) and of only killers over killed (or the other way around) within each group. It also shows the percent of characters in each group involved in any violence as either violents or victims (or both). For example, of the 415 children and adolescent characters studied, 60. 5 percent (65. 0 percent males and 49. 1 percent females) were involved in violence. Of the males, victims outnumbered violents by 1. 69 but killers outnumbered killed by 3. 00. In other words, for every 10 child and adolescent violents there were about 17 victims, but for every 10 killed there were 30 killers in that group of characters. Overall, 63 percent of all characters were involved in some violence. For every 10 violents there were 12 victims, but for every 10 killed there were 19 killers. However, as we have just seen, involvement in violence and its outcome-as with values and resources-is not randomly distributed. Some features of the distribution of violence as a demonstration of power can be illustrated by selecting a few risk ratios from the Table, showing how these victimization rates define a hierarchy of risks within which the depiction of dying (and killing) is embedded. A hierarchy of risks Combining prime time and daytime characters, we find that victimization rates define a social hierarchy of risks and vulnerabilities. For every 10 characters who commit violence within each of the following groups the average number of victims for white men is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. nonwhite men is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. lower class women is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ young women is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. nonwhite women is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. old women is †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 13 17 18 18 33 If and when involved in violence, women and minorities, and especially young and old as well as minority women characters, are the most vulnerable. Now let us look at dying (and its dramatic counterpart, killing) in that context. We can compute a lethal pecking order by relating the number of killers to the number of killed within each group. Unlike violence in general, killing eliminates a character and must be used more sparingly, either as curtain-raiser or as the â€Å"final solution. † Therefore, in most role categories, there are more killers than killed. â€Å"Good† men, the TABLE 1 RISK RATIOS’: MAJOR CHARACTERS IN ALL PROGRAMS (1969-197 ALL CHARACTERS INVOLVED IN VIOLENCE VIOLENTVICTIM RATIO KILLERKILLED RATIO MALE CHARACTERS INVOLVED IN VIOLENCE VIOLENTVICTIM RATIO K N N All Characters Social Age Children-Adolescents Young Adults Settled Adults Elderly Marital Status Not Married Married Class Clearly Upper Mixed Clearly Lower Race White Other Character Type â€Å"Good† Mixed â€Å"Bad† Nationality U. S. Other 3949 415 813 2212 106 1873 987 269 3549 131 3087 360 2304 1093 550 3100 264 63. 3 60. 5 64. 5 59. 8 47. 2 65. 6 45. 5 59. 5 63. 4 69. 5 60. 1 55. 0 58. 4 61. 4 88. 0 58. 1 73. 5 -1. 20 -1. 60 -1. 36 -1. 12 -1. 15 -1. 23 -1. 27 -1. 38 -1. 19 -1. 25 -1. 19 -1. 33 -1. 29 -1. 22 1. 00 -1. 20 -1. 31 +1. 90 +3. 00 +2. 00 +2. 07 -1. 75 +1. 90 +1. 67 +1. 50 +2. 07 -1. 11 +1. 97 +1. 69 +2. 93 +1. 3 +1. 84 +2. 06 +1. 31 2938 297 539 1698 80 1374 626 182 2650 106 2235 280 1659 807 471 2263 203 68. 4 65. 0 69. 6 65. 7 50. 0 69. 7 52. 9 67. 6 68. 3 73. 6 65. 1 61. 1 63. 7 65. 8 89. 4 63. 2 80. 8 -1. 18 -1. 69 -1. 23 -1. 12 +1. 07 -1. 18 -1. 27 -1. 26 -1. 17 -1. 20 -1. 16 -1. 27 -1. 24 -1. 21 -1. 01 -1. 16 -1. 29 + + + + + + + + – + + + + + + + 1Risk Ratios are obtained by dividing the more numerous of these two roles by the less numerous within eac violents or killersthan victims or killed and a minus sign indicates that there are more victims or killed than violent victimsor killersor violents or killed. A +0. 00 ratio means that there were some violents or killersbut no victims or k killed but no violents or killers. DEATH IN PRIME TIME 69 male heroes of prime time drama, are at the top of the killing order. For every 10 â€Å"good† men killed, there are 38 â€Å"good† men killers. Next are young men and American men; for every 10 young males killed, there are 22 young male and American male killers. The killed-killer ratio of all white males is only slightly lower: 21 killers for every 10 white males killed. In other words, if and when involved in some fatal violence on prime time television, â€Å"good,† young, American and white males are the most likely to be the killers instead of the killed. They kill in a good cause to begin with or are the most powerful, or both. Women do not fare so well. Their most favorable ratio is 20 killers for every 10 killed, and that goes to foreign women. The second highest female kill ratio goes to â€Å"bad† women: they kill 17 characters for every 10 â€Å"bad† women killed. Next are middleaged women who kill 16 for every 10 killed. Thus women who tend to kill, kill much less than men, have relatively more lethal power when they are foreign, evil, or past the romantic-lead age, than when they are â€Å"good,† American, young, and white, as is the case with men. Their killing is more likely to be shown as unjust, irrational, and â€Å"alien† than is killing by men. At the very bottom of the lethal pecking order are old women who get involved in violence only to get killed and â€Å"good† women who get killed 16 times for every 10 killers. Old and â€Å"good† women get into violence mostly as sympathetic (or only pathetic) victims, rousing male heroes to righteous (if lethal) indignation. Next in line are lower class men, lower class women, and old men. For every ten killers in each group there are, respectively, 11, 10, and 10 killed. Unlike those of greater ability to survive conflict or catastrophy,older and lower class characters pay with their lives for every life they take. Provocation and retribution In general, then, as can be seen on the Table, the pecking order of both mayhem and killing is dominated by men-American white, middle class, and in the prime of life. At the top of the general order of victimizers are â€Å"bad† women, old men, and â€Å"bad† men, in that order. The presence of evil at the top of the power hierarchy suggests the dramatic role of villains provoking heroes to violent action. Heading the ranking of killers over killed are â€Å"good† and other majority-type males. We can begin to discern not only the provocative role of the â€Å"bad† but also the retributive function of the â€Å"good† and the strong. Lowest on the dramatic scale are women, lower class, and old people. Of the 20 most victimized groups (both total violence and killing), all but three are women. Old women are at the bottom of the heap of both the battered and the killed. Good†women are among the charactersmost likely to be both general and fatal victims of violence ratherthan the perpetrators. â€Å"Good† men have power as indicated by their heading up the killer-killed list; â€Å"good† women, on the other hand, end up near the bottom of the power hierarchy. When it comes to violence, â€Å"good† are the strong me n and the weak women of the world of television. Dying on television is a violent retribution for weakness, sin, or other flaw in character or status. It is part of the social typing and control functions of centralized cultural production. Our research has found that heavy viewers (compared to light 70 THE ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY viewers in the same social groups) derive from their television experience a heightened sense of danger, insecurity, and mistrust, or what we call the â€Å"mean world† syndrome. It can be conjectured that the symbolic functions of dying are part of that syndrome, contributing not only to a structure of power but also to the irrational dread of dying and thus to diminished vitality and self-direction in life. How to cite Death in Prime Time, Essay examples

Musical is an art of arranging sounds free essay sample

Musical is an art of arranging sounds in a particular pattern to create a pleasant harmony to the ears of the listeners. Just like the industrial revolution took time to reach its present level, the two major forms of musical in America were realized after a long time of progressive development as (Riddle 2003) explains. American musical was firstly borrowed from the European States; the American musical pioneers built on it to develop theirs then later they completely detached from it came up with their own different style of presentation according to (Lubbock 1962). Musical comedy was the first of the only two advanced musical styles to be established in America. Then there followed the other which is the musical play and the two have been cherished widely in the twentieth and the twenty first centuries. There are several legend musicians who played a key role in making American musical what it is today and have been covered by history. The changes that were met in the twentieth century in musical varied from the cultural, content to the form of delivering the musical. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT Music in America is an art that has a very long history in its development in form and content to the level it is now. The historians have established that it has taken hundreds of years to develop from its primitive form to the now sophisticated forms. (Lubbock1962) traces music in America way back in the year 1735. He argues that this introduced music did not originate from America itself but from England. From those years on up to 1960,s the initial way of treating musicals underwent great transformation and many people came into terms with music unlike in the past. As the year 1960 was dawning, Americans began to get enlightened about Musicals where they were in a position to define it and find out its relationship with art according to (Gann 2000). Through continued development of interest in learning what music was, the people also became able to relate it with culture. It is also worthy noting that the various phases through which the American music underwent included the transformation of the places of performance. The first pieces of music were only played in the urban centres but it slowly filtered into the rural as time went by. According to (Gann 2000), the music was taken from the urban to the rural setting in the year 1961 and from there onward it expanded and widely spread more into the interior like a bush fire. In 1980,s several individuals ventured into bettering the quality of the musical performed in the theatres which took the dimension created by the Americans more than that of Europeans. CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT The culture of the people influences greatly the type of music they compose, the type of dance they use to accompany their songs and more so the kind of perception they have on the present generation music. American musical has had a lot of influence on the way the Americans perceive their abilities and identify their characters according to (Knapp 2005). In the same manner, the music the Americans borrowed from the Europeans took after the cultural practices of the natives of the country. Through the ages the American musicals saw a great transition in the way the Americans treated music in relation to their culture. It came a time when the stake holders in musicals began to present their cultures through the art of music especially holding cultural ceremonies where people got the opportunities to express their personalities as (Knapp 2005) confirms. The American musicians also were able to portray their culture through their manner of dressing during music play performances in the theatres. The twentieth century also was the year of making music as a source of earning personal living in addition to expressing the people’s beliefs and practices. (Crawford 2000) confirms that the art of music took the dimension of commercial activity during its development during the twentieth century and a rapid growth as a business the common exercise of the day. By watching a clip of the American produced musical, one was in a position to analyse the type of culture the performers upheld from the way the dressed, their make-ups, the food they eat and the dancing styles which were adopted during music development time. FORM DEVELOPMENT The form in which music first entered America is not the same style of music we play in America today. A great transition has occurred in the music industry in terms of the several classes of music which have hit in the country. Lubbock (1962) asserts that the first type of music to be played in America was Flora and this had its source from England. In this twenty first century, this kind of music can only be referred to as a legend and you may find that the current generation is not aware of the former existence of such kind of music. In the twentieth century, the American natives set out to develop their own style of music which indeed they did in two phases. The first phase was characterized by a lot of emulation of the pre-existing opera style of England which was later advanced. This first move by the upcoming American musicians constituted what was called the comedy music. The second phase of American musical development was the new form of music which was not derived from the European form. According to (Lubbock 1962) it was the Showboat which established the campaign towards developing American-produced music which came to be referred to as music play. Here the musicians could perform their own composed music in public. The music industry in the new form was since then continued by the other successors including Oklahoma and the others. Their establishments have since then not been out dated because music play and the prior styles are the only two ruling the American music industry.

Effective Communication in Law Enforcement

Communication is the systematic way of exchanging ideas and information involving two or more entities (Adair, 2009); in order to ensure that communication process is complete, the involved parties must actively participate and get involved in exchanging of such information. As such, effective communication is a two way process which involves sending of a message in the correct way which will facilitate and enable the intended recipient to understand the message as expected (Adair, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effective Communication in Law Enforcement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this research paper, we shall discus and elaborate the importance of effective communication within the department of law enforcement and how it contributes positively to implementation of services within the community by officers in their line of duty; furthermore, we shall also look at the various recommendations that are essential in achieving effective communication by supervisors. Why is effective communication important in law enforcement? In this era of globalization, the need for better and sufficient communication has increased which demands the need for advanced communication skills. For this reasons, it is equally important to make the necessary changes in order to facilitate effective communicational within the law enforcement agencies. There are numerous reasons why supervisors should apply the concept of effective communication in the department of law enforcement as discussed below. First, effective communication is basic since it is through such ways that sufficient information is acquired necessary for producing the desired result. Effective communication therefore ensures provision of adequate information that consequently facilitates the exchange of ideas for a given purpose (Miller and Miller, 2009). Secondly, effective communication reduces ambiguity cases such as misinterpret ation of the message and information as per the original intentions. This means that when effective communication occurs within such a department the message is acquired in the right and correct way by the recipients and therefore instance of misinterpretations are eliminated which will lead to achieving positive outcomes and accurate response (Adair, 2009). Finally, effective communication creates a complete concept of authority and responsibility especially when the supervisor initiates communication to their sub-ordinates at the work place and it is through such ways where instructions are given. Qualities of effective communication skills For an effective communication to occur between the supervisors and their subordinate staff, especially within the law enforcement department it a basic concept that both entities involved should poses quality communication skills which we shall review as follows.Advertising Looking for essay on communication strategies? Let's see if we ca n help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the most important concepts in communication is to posses those quality that will lead to effective communication; effective communication skills that leads to progressive and positive communication is having the ability to understand ones listeners at all times (Miller and Miller, 2009). For instance, a police supervisor should try to at least know and understand their audiences which will always facilitate passing of messages in the appropriate way. Through such ways, the supervisor will obviously be able to communicate ideas and other necessary information to their staff in the correct way; it also helps in solving problems of interpersonal communication. Additionally, quality communication skills are those displayed when a supervisor is able to determine the best mode of communication for a particular topic. This is essential so because a supervisor is a leader, as such a good leader is able to know the bes t way of communicating to the intended audience (Miller and Miller, 2009). In most cases, the best mode of communication is face to face communication because it is done in an open way that allows listeners the opportunity to give feedbacks based on the topic under discussion. Through such ways, the recipient will usually feel as being part of the communication through giving immediate responses necessary to solve issues in the accurate manner. Examples of effective and non-effective communication The following discussion will focus on factual examples at the work place where there are instances of effective and non-effective communication between the supervisors and the subordinates. In order to have a deeper understanding of these concept and effects that usually arises in each of the situations. First let us review a case of an effective communication. A criminal activity has been reported in the town with at least two death cases having occurred during a night robbery in which a car was stolen. The town mayor reports the case to the central police station via a letter requesting for an investigation to this particular case. The police supervisor in charge takes the matter with all the serious and writes a memo for an urgent meeting with the subordinates and fellow officers in order to discuss the matter and chart the cause of action. During the meeting, the supervisor indicates the importance to investigating the case immediately and he also plans a strategy to execute an operation successfully. During the meetings, the discussion is open in order to generate ideas that will facilitate the success of the operation. Due to the whole operation being well coordinated and properly schemed, three suspects are caught and the stolen car is recovered. The case presented above is one that shows how effective communication is executed through the chain of commands until the objective of the mission is achieved for the betterment of the society. Throughout the report ing of the case to the planning and implementation stages for the operation strategy, we see how quality and effective communication takes place between the supervisor and the subordinates.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effective Communication in Law Enforcement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand the following discussion will review another case which will however elaborate a case of non-effective communication. A supervisor at the work place asks his secretary to write a memo to alert all officers about a meeting and place it at all the notice boards. The meeting which is scheduled on 3rd of June is however rescheduled to 1st June. The secretary makes the necessary changes and places new memos indicating the same. However, on one of the notice boards she forgets to replace the old one with a new memo. One of the subordinates happens to see the earlier notice and for that reasons he fails to ap pear for the meeting due to lack of effective communication. The case above is one that indicates a factual case of non-effective communication which has a negative impact. This is as a result of what is referred as barrier to effective communication as discussed below. Overcoming barriers to effective communication Barrier to effective communication are those factors that hamper or interfere with the communication process causing breakdown of communication; such factors may include environmental factors, semantics factors, and personal attitude among others (Dynamicflight.com, 2007). It is essential that a supervisor try to overcome the barriers to effective communication in order to achieve positive results. Among the common ways of overcoming such barriers is through using face to face communication; face to face communication is a good way since the response is immediate and therefore the supervisor is able to get the feedbacks which help to determine whether the audience is get ting the message as intended. Additionally, a supervisor can also create supportive relationship with his subordinate and this will help toward developing a mutual trust between the employees and the supervisors. Further more, it is also very important for a supervisor to repeat the communication on a regular basis in order to ensure that effective communication takes place at the right time (Dynamicflight.com, 2007). Motivation at the work place Motivation is a requirement for success almost in all areas; therefore, a supervisor should induce ways of motivating his junior officers at the work place in order to facilitate changes towards the right direction. A good supervisor is one who will sacrifice his time to develop a plan for achieving desired objectives; as such, a good plan will incorporate qualities that are appealing to the officers such as conducive environment and democratic ways of resolving problems and so on (Chevalier, 2007). At all time, a supervisor should be able to understand his subordinate in order to determine which technique will be applicable in inducing motivation among his juniors. Thus, a good supervisor should have a basic understanding of the various motivational theories which will help him in indentifying diverse way to motivate and also learn the personality of the workmates which will also facilitate positive motivation (Miller and Miller, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The goal is to have all employees become self motivated in order to maximize output at individual level; therefore, the supervisor should work towards improving interpersonal relationship which will build cooperation and hence facilitate achieving departmental objectives (Chevalier, 2007). References Adair, J. (2009). Effective Communication: The Most Important Management Skill of All. LinkedIn: Pan Macmillan. Chevalier, R. (2007). A manager’s guide to improving workplace performance. New York: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Ass Press. Dynamicflight.com. (2007). Effective communication. Retrieved from  http://www.dynamicflight.com/avcfibook/communication/ Miller, M. Miller, L. (2009). Effective police supervision. Retrieved from  https://www.amazon.com/Effective-Police-Supervision-Larry-Miller/dp/1138225185/ This essay on Effective Communication in Law Enforcement was written and submitted by user Alessandra Rios to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Five Doctrinal Tenets Of Islam Essays - Islam, Muslim, Sunnah

The Five Doctrinal Tenets Of Islam Essays - Islam, Muslim, Sunnah The Five Doctrinal Tenets Of Islam Final Graded Copy Grade: 95 The Five Doctrinal Tenets of Islam: Supporting Pillars for the Faithful The Five Doctrinal Tenets of Islam: Supporting Pillars for the Faithful I. Introduction to Islam A. Numbers in Islam B. The Prophet Muhammad and the Hadith II. The Five Pillars of Islam A. The Statement of Faith (Shahadah) B. The Establishment of Prayers (Salah) C. The Giving of Alms (Zakah) D. Fasting (Sawm) E. Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj) III. The Effect of the Five Pillars on the Islamic Life The Five Doctrinal Tenets of Islam: Supporting Pillars for the Faithful Islam is, debatably, the fastest growing religion in the world today. At a level of 1.2 billion, they represent approximately 22% of the worlds population. Moslems make up the second largest religion in the world, surpassed only to Christianity at 33%. This is according to the 1999 World Almanac and Book of Facts (724). What is Islam? Who is a Moslem? What do they believe? How does one become a Moslem? In 1964, Philip K. Hitti addressed the rapid emergence of Islam throughout the world in his writing History of the Arabs. In his book, he stated that every eighth person in our world today is a follower of Muhammad. He continues to say The Moslem call to prayer rings out through most of the twenty-four hours of the day, encircling the large portion of the globe in its warm belt (Hitti 3). Today, some thirty-six years later, Islam has become the place of comfort, peace, and faith for over one billion people. To have this type of growth there must be an underlying foundation to the movement. As any builder can attest, in order for a structure to maintain its integrity the support for that structure must be stabilized and strengthened. Within the holy writings of Islam the support and structure of the faithful is proclaimed. The concept of no deity except God is always alive within the heart of a Moslem. They recognize that he alone is the Creator, the Provider and Sustainer, and the true Reality; the source of all things of all benefits and harm. This belief requires that He be worshipped and obeyed. In the Holy Koran, God has made obedience to the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad incumbent upon the all believers. The teachings of Prophet Muhammad are available today in the form of Hadith. Although Islamic faith and beliefs are vast, the establishing doctrine, i.e., foundation, for Islam remains to be the five pillars of faith. The first is a statement of faith, the subsequent four are major exercises of faith of which some are daily, some weekly, some monthly, some annually, and some are required as a minimum once in a lifetime. The Five Pillars of Islam These Five Pillars are the frameworks of a Muslims life. At one time, when the Prophet Muhammad was asked to give a definition of Islam, he named the Five Pillars. In the Hadith, the collection of sayings of Muhammed, these exercises of faith are stated to serve mans spiritual purposes, satisfy his human needs, and to mark his whole life with a Divine touch (Hadith Shih Bukhari, Volume 1, Book 2, Number 7). The writings comprising the Hadith, while regarded as an excellent guide to living, are not regarded as having the same status as the Holy Koran (Quran). The major duties, nevertheless, in the life of a Moslem are to fulfill these Five Pillars. They are: 1. The Statement of Faith (Shahadah) 2. The Establishment of Prayers (Salah) 3. The Giving of Alms (Zakah) 4. Fasting (Sawm), and 5. Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj). As distinct as the Ten Commandments are to members of the Christian and Judaic faiths, each of the Five Pillars are direct commands from Allah for his children. The first of these Pillars is: The Statement of Faith (Shahadah). Shahadah is the bearing of witness to Allah. This is a declaration of faith. In his declaration, a Muslim proclaims ASH-HADU ANLA ELAHA ILLA-ALLAH WA ASH-HADU ANNA MOHAMMADAN RASUL-ALLAH. The English translation is I bear witness that there is no deity (none truly to be worshipped) but, Allah, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. The Shahadah is repeated at least on a daily basis. Having acknowledged this within his heart, the

Heimlich Maneuver Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Heimlich Maneuver - Essay Example A rescuer should apply Heimlich maneuver only when he notices that the choking person is not able to talk or cough, is holding on to his throat which could signal difficulty in breathing or when the victim’s lips turn blue indicating that he is unable to breathe. As a general rule, one has to contact 911 before the emergency method is given just in case further treatment is needed. After observing any of the aforementioned signs, explain to the victim that you are going to help him clear his airway by applying the Heimlich maneuver. The rescuer then helps the victim on his feet and move behind him making a fist with one hand and placing it on the victim’s belly button and anchoring it with the other hand. He should make five quick upward thrusts, in a J-like movement to allow air to push the obstruction from the airway. Check to see if the obstruction is dislodged, if not, repeat the process. When the victim coughs, stop the procedure because this would indicate that the victim is able to breathe. In case the blockage is not removed and the victim losses consciousness, help the victim down to the floor carefully and let him lie down on prone position, that is, his back on the floor. The rescuer should continue to attempt dislodging the obstruction until professional help arrives. He should let air move up to the victim’s windpipe to get the foreign object out of the airway.

Catheter Related Blood Stream Infection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Catheter Related Blood Stream Infection - Essay Example Guidelines for the prevention of (CRBSIs) have been formulated by CDC. These are targeted at the intensive care personnel who are involved in the insertion of these catheters and post insertion management and care of these catheters, particularly the nursing staff. It is proposed that in addition to the existing guidelines, this study will provide ample evidence for the use of PICCs in ICU setting to reduce the rate of CRBSI. Almost 12 years back, the use of PICCs was highly favored for cost and safety considerations by a study (Ng et al, 1997). The advantages of PICCs include ease of bedside placement, placement even by non-physicians and a relatively lower risk of complications. Complications of PICCs were studied in 351 patients and were identified to be infection related, phlebitis, vein thrombosis, PICC occlusion, broken or leaking catheter or dislodgement of the catheter (Walshe et al, 2002). However, even the authors concluded that because of their convenience and easily managed complications they should be continued to use. 200 prospective studies were analyzed systematically and it was determined that PICCs used in inpatients (2.1/ 1000 catheter days) had a slightly lower rate of CRBSIs than standard non cuffed and non medicated CVC s placed in subclavian or internal jugular vein(2.7 BSIs /1000 catheter days)(Maki, Kluger, & Crinch, 2006). Whereas, Safdar and Maki (2005) found that CRBSI with PI CCs was higher than some of the other CVCs. Thus, more studies are warranted to compare CRBSI rates of PICCs and CICCs and establish a lower rate of infection of PICCs. Study Design and Population The study utilized a central-line database retrospectively, one year prior to and 3 years after the introduction of hemodynamic monitoring with PICCs in a closed, medical-surgical, 20-bed intensive care unit and a 10-bed intermediate care unit of a tertiary-care academic medical institution. CRBSI rates were compared for a 12-month control period and a 36-month intervention period with open-ended PICCs. Thus, it was a retrospective analysis of an interventional study (Patel et al, 2007). 2,474 central vascular catheters were inserted in 1788 critically ill patients (21,919 catheter-days). ). A total of 6210 CICC catheter-days and 15,709 PICC catheter-days were analyzed (Patel et al, 2007). The primary outcome variable was the rate of CRBSI and this was defined as "isolation of the same organism (defined by species and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern) from the colonized catheter (>15 colony-forming units) and one or more peripheral blood cultures within 48 hours in a patient with no alternative source of bacteremia" (CDC, 2002). Since, the primary outcome measure was clearly defined, changes in the values were analyzed statistically and reliability was ensured. However, the blinding status so far as the group allocator or the body who assessed the results is not clear. What indicated the use of PICCs in most of the patients while some still had CICCs in the later years of the study is also not clear. Was

Principles of Organisational Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Principles of Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example It is necessary that every employee realizes his or her contribution in the organization’s work and image. Motivation comes from within the person. Motivational factors could be implanted by the management externally; however the employee has to feel the urge himself. Hence it is a process to create the urge and define the path for him or her. Clarity of goals gives idea to the person what he is striving for. The real challenge for a manager lies in defining the path. If the goal is too difficult, it will give the air of impossibility and is discarded by the employee. On the contrary, if it is too lenient then it loses the attraction of challenge. Apart from this the manager needs to have a clear idea about the role every individual plays in the team to align his goals with those of team. A well-defined job description gives a clear idea of specific job roles, responsibilities. Group level – Leadership Leadership in an organization comes at various levels. It starts at one to one level, progresses to team level and then assumes the overall macro level of leading the organization. All the three aspects contribute to an employee’s growth in an organization. Appropriate leadership at appropriate level benefits not only the team but also the development of the organization as well. ... vides direction with the help of well-defined goals and structured path, which is further broken into objectives for departments, further down to teams and eventually to every individual playing as a team member. Hence it is also imperative that leadership at every level must identify future leaders who could take over further responsibilities of delivering the task to the organization. There should be a great stress on identifying leaders and developing them. It is the only way the human resource can be developed and made competent. Hence identifying leadership competencies is as necessary for a manager as to acquire them. Often it is also noticed that there are two leaders in the organization natural leaders and appointed leaders. Natural leaders tend to get better results. Alternatively appointed leaders could be trained to prove themselves but could be lengthy process. Organizational Level: Organizational culture and climate The culture of a group can now be defined as: A pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems. (Schein 373-374) (www.soi.org) Organizational climate is the set of characteristics that describe an organization and that distinguishes one organization from other organizations; are relatively enduring over time and influence the behaviour of the  people in the organization  (Forehand & Gilmer, 1964). (http://organizationalclimate.wordpress.com) Although similar, elements of both the concepts have different impact on an employee. Both the definitions state the congeniality in the environment

An Overview Of The Oasis Theory History Essay

An Overview Of The Oasis Theory History Essay Now a days we take the domestication of plants and animals for granted, but the vegetables, fruits, milk products, grain, and meats we eat everyday come from long ago human intervention in the life cycles of wild animals and plants (Selig, Ruth vol. 15, No.2, 1993). Agriculture began 10,000 years ago, the shift took place over many centuries and in several locations around the world. In addition plant domestication occurred in at least 10 to 11 regions around the world. The beginning of agriculture thus marks a clear watershed and defines one of the major ecological changes in the history of the planet (Selig, Ruth vol. 15, No.2, 1993). But What is the most convincing theory for the origins of agriculture? The Oasis Theory In 1936, Australian archaeologist V. Gordon Childe proposed one of the first coherent theories to explain the origins of agriculture. Childe referred to the The adoption of agriculture as the neolithic revolution, one of those key changes in prehistory that could be likened in their impact to the industrial revolution of 18th-century. While it is true that both agriculture and urbanism brought profound social and economic change, the term revolution implies a sudden and dramatic transition that does not accurately characterize the varied nature of these changes in different parts of the world(Scarre, Chris, ed. 2005). Also demographic theories from the 1960s assert that agricultural origins looked for factors that would forced hunter-gatherers to abandon their existing lifestyle and adopt the more labor-intensive agriculture(Scarre, chris, ed. 2005). In addition to that as the result of long term relationship between humans and their food sources agriculture should be viewed as one type of evolutionary adaptation between humans and other species(Scarre, chris, ed. 2005). Origins of Agriculture The first mark of agriculture development took place in the area known as the Fertile Crescent( present day Syria, Iraq, Israel, and Lebanon). Furthermore Agriculture refers to a series of discoveries involving the domestication, culture, and management of plants and animals. It is one of the most far reaching discoveries of early humans leading to profound social changes( Diamond, J. 2002). Agriculture was also developed on some others different areas like China, and Mesoamerica but on a later particular time. Finally Agriculture must be thought of as a series of discoveries involving the domestication of plants and animals and their management. (Fig 3-3)( Diamond, J. 2002) The Neolithic Age Technologies of ceramics and spinning the wheel is not only the basis for the mechanical and transportation revolution but is also connected with the, The neolithic or new stone age (7 to 10,000 years ago) pertains to a stage of culture following the paleolithic and is characterized by the use of polished stone implements, development of permanent dwellings, cultural advances such as pottery making, domestication of animals and plants, the cultivation of grain and fruits trees, and weaving (Fig.3-2) . (Diamond, J. 2002 ) (3-2) Terra cotta, was used as weights in the process of spinning threads 5000 BCE. At Last The change from hunting/gathering to primitive farming appears so abrupt that this technological change is often characterized as the Neolithic Revolution. (Diamond, J. 2002 ). The Origins of Agriculture: Rise of Civilization or Defying Evolution Another idea implies that the long dry seasons occurring after the pleistocene caused adaptations on vegetations Changing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide, affecting plant photosynthesis, also may have created an environment supportive of agriculture. During the Pleistocene, CO2 levels were below 200 parts per million, increasing to above 250 ppm as the earth pulled out of the glacial age. This may have increased plant productivity by up to fifty percent, enabling crop domestication to develop (Mawr Bryn, 2000: ). The following quotes is one of the various evidence that suggest that humans were far better as foragers than after they took up agriculture. Hunter-gatherers enjoyed a varied diet of thousands of types of plants, seeds, fruits, and nuts, while agriculturists relied on just one or two starchy crops, choosing cheap calories at the cost of poor nutrition. Today wheat, corn, and rice provide most of the calories for humans, yet each one is deficient in certain essential pr oteins and amino acids. Agriculturists also ran a much greater risk of starvation by depending on a few key crops, as opposed to foragers whose consumption does not rely on any one plant but is diverse and flexible. Agriculture, able to support higher population densities, caused people to live in closer quarters. This invited the spread of parasites and infectious diseases that foragers avoided by living in smaller numbers in larger areas. Studies of various skeletal evidence indicate an increase in infectious diseases, malnutrition, and anemia in early agricultural societies as compared to hunter-gatherers(Mawr Bryn, 2000: ) Origins of Agriculture: New Ideas, New Data There are at least ten different places around the world where agriculture was independently developed, and the antiquity of domestication is being pushed back in time with new discoveries. ThereforeThere was a major emphasis on the origins of agriculture in East Asia. Lesser-known regions such as Papua New Guinea, Africa, and eastern North America were included in our discussions. Lots of new data were presented from East and West Asia, Africa, and Central and South America (fig. 3-3)( Price T. Douglas, 2011: ) Information on estimated dates bp cal for domestication in these areas are provided in (table 1). (3-3)Major centers of domestication and dates for earliest plants and animals picture Marcia Bakry. Today an eerie synchronicity in the timing of the first domesticated around the end of the pleistocene is emerging.Another commonality among the cradles of agriculture is the rich environments in which farming originates. Experiments in domestication do not take place in marginal areas but amid concentrations of population and resources across the globe. It also appears that in each area where several different species are involved in the transition to agriculture, there are multiple centers of domestication within the region. A number of groups appear to be manipulating their natural world ( Price T. Douglas, 2011: ). On the other hand During the first half of the twentieth century, the best information on early farming villages came from riverine areas or oases in Northeast Africa and Southwest Asia-along the Nile River in Egypt and at Jericho in the Jordan Valley, for example. Early views on the origins of agriculture focused on climate change. (Price T. Douglas, 2011: ). A number of important general factors in the origins of agriculture were recognized at the symposium. These factors can be categorized as exogenous, or natural (e.g., climate/environment, population growth), and endogenous, or cultural (e.g., social change, religion). Theories on the transition to agriculture have most often focused on external factors such as climatic change or inherent growth in population as problems solved by the cultivation of plants and animals( Price T. Douglas, 2011). . The purpose of this Assignment was to advise the reader with the main theories and evidence on the Origins of Agriculture. Farming predominate the activities of a particular community and determine the main diet, although hunting and gathering may continue. Farming is a way of obtaining food that involves the cultivation of plants and the controlled of animals. Today two thirds of humans necessary calorie and protein intake comes from key cereal grains domesticated in the earlier holocene.

All Men Created Equal Essays -- essays research papers

All Men Created Equal America has undergone incredible hardships as a nation. No issue has had more impact on the development of the American definition of freedom than the issue of slavery. Did the Constitution specify which men were created equal? Surprisingly enough the phrase "all men are created equal with certain inalienable rights" did not mean what it does today. The nation was divided on the issue of slavery and the rights of the black man in its early stages as a growing republic. Abraham Lincoln was a brave pioneer who dared to rub his hand against the grain of slavery bringing the original ideals of America's founders to a new light. He was a man who felt he was witnessing a slow decay in the foundation of the American principles. His views were not met with unanimous applause from the American people. He battled against an equally strong constituency – the slave owner's and their presidential candidate, Judge Douglas. Abraham's grounds for the abolition of slavery were based on the words that were scripted in the Declaration of Independence and the meaning of those words as they related to American citizens and the celebration of the 4th of July. Many American's argued that the Negroes were not entitled to the same rights because they were not legally citizens of the United States of America. This issue was dealt with in the ruling of the Dredd Scott case. Lincoln points out that the ruling of the case was based on historical fact that was wrongly assumed. Judge Taney, who presided over the case stated that "Negroes were no part of the people who made, or for whom was made, the Declaration of Independence, or the Constitution of the United States." This statement was later refuted by Judge Curtis who shows that "in five of the then thirteen states†¦free negroes were voters, and, in proportion to their numbers, had the same part in making the Constitution that the white people had." The fact that Negroes were citizens who participated in the framing of the Constitution gave them the same freedoms as the white men who helped shape the American ideals classifying the Negro as a "citizen." The strongest persuasion that Abraham could have possibly given the American people were the words that the Declaration of Independence so powerfully spoke. Lincoln fully understood the phrase "all men were created ... ...ere among free states. The mixing of the blood was occurring because the Negroes and whites were in forced contact. The elimination of an almost universal fear was yet another argument for the separation of the races. Although he was not a ‘modern day' civil right's activist, Lincoln's logic eventually led to the abolition of slavery, tragically driving the nation into a state of civil war. However, the American ideals which he embraced have made their way into our modern societies standards leading to civil right's programs which are constantly being reformed. Immigrants, of all nationalities and colors now look to America as a symbol of great ideals. Abraham said more prophetically than he could imagine that the American ideals of freedom should be "constantly spreading and deepening its influence, and augmenting the happiness and value of life to all peoples of all colors everywhere." As a result of his push for the preservation of the American ideal of freedom, slavery no longer exists and is even considered unconstitutional on the grounds that it is in direct contradiction with the conception that "all men are created equal."